Sleep And Stages

!9# Sleep And Stages

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SLEEP AND ITS STAGES

Sleep is a behavior, although muscular movements appear to be involved. Movements that do occur in sleep are limited to a particular stage. Sleep is an urge, a need with which we must comply. But we remember very little about what happens while we sleep. There is a change in consciousness.

Biological Rhythm.

Much of our behavior follows regular rhythms. Daily rhythms in behavior and physiological processes are found throughout the plant and animal world. We have a number of natural cycles, which form part of our everyday lives. Some of these operate over several weeks, such as the human menstrual cycle, while others are much more rapid, such as the human menstrual cycle, while others are much more rapid, such as the cycles involved in digestion and food intake. Some rhythms, called circadian rhythms, are based on the 24hours of the day, and perhaps the must obvious circadian rhythm is the sleep-wake circle we alternate throughout life, between periods of wakefulness and periods of sleeping, human beings, for the most part tend to be awake during the day and sleep at night-they are diurnal animals. Other animals are awake at night and sleep during the day, they are known as nocturnal animals.

Sleep Rhythms

Research on human sleep is usually conducted in a sleep laboratory such laboratories are equipped with machines for taking electrophysiological measurements. Electrodes placed on the scalp monitor the electroencephalogram gram (EEG): those attached to the chain monitor muscle activity, which are recorded as the electromyogram (EMG) electrodes attached around the eyes monitor eye movements, recorded as electroculogram (EOG) in addition, other electrodes can be used to monitor autonomic measures such as heart rate electrocardiogram - EKG or ECG respiration electrostethogram-ESC and skin conductance (or galvanic skin response-GSR).

During wakefulness. The EEG of a normal person shows two basic patterns of activity: alpha activity and beta activity. Alpha activity consists of regular, medium frequency waves of 8-12 Hz. the brain produces this activity when a person is resting quietly, not particularly aroused or excited and not engaged in strenuous mental activity. Alpha waves occur most often when the eyes are closed. Beta activity consists of irregular, mostly low-amplitude waves of 13-30Hz. This activity occurs when a person is alert and attentive to event in the environment or is thinking activity.

During the course of the night, a normal person pass through four different stages (or levels) of sleep several times. Moving from higher to lower levels of sleep, and back to higher levels again. This cycle is repeated several times during a typical night although the deeper levels of sleep tend to be reached only during the first few cycles. Towards the end of the night sleep cycles become shallower and the person is liable to wakeup easily. These changes in EEG pattern reflect how deeply the person is asleep.

Stage 1 sleep is marked by the presence of some theta activity (3.5-7.5Hz) the level is actually a transition between sleep and wakefulness. It lasts for about ten minutes. It is the lightest level of sleep from which one can be very easily awakened. Breathing is irregular and the muscles begin to relax as the person transit into the next stage.

Stage 2. the EEG during this stage is generally irregular but contains periods of theta activity sleep spindles and K complexes. Sleep spindles are short burst of waves of about 12-14 Hz that occur between two and five times during stages 1-4 of sleep. They presumably represent the activity of a mechanism that decrease the brain's sensitivity to sensory input and thus keep the person asleep. The sleep of older people contain fewer sleep spindles and is generally accompanied by more awakenings during the night. K complexes are sudden. Sharp waveforms, which unlike sleep spindles, are usually found only during stage 2 sleep. They spontaneously occur at the rate of approximately one per minute but are often can be triggered by noise. They represent mechanisms involved in keeping the person asleep. Stage 2 sleep lasts for about 15 minutes and is a deeper level of sleep. Persons woken up during this level of sleep will deny having been asleep.

Stage 3 sleep is marked by the occurrence of high-amplitude delta activity (less than 3.5 Hz). this is a transition from the light sleep of stages 1 and 2 to a deeper sleep. The distinction between stage 3 and stage 4 is not clear-cut; stage 3 contains 20-50 percent delta activity: and stage 4 contains more than 50 percent. Stage 3 sleep last for about 20 minutes.

Stage 4 sleep is the deepest level of sleep from which it is difficult to awaken the sleeper. It is characterized; also, by delta activity (EEG readings of less than 2.5 Hz) usually takes more than half an hour reach this level of sleep. About 90 minutes after the beginning of sleep (and about 45 minutes after the onset of stage 4 sleep) they will be an abrupt change in a number of the physiological measures being taken. The EEG recording become desynchronized (i.e. irregular, with a sprinkling of theta waves. Very similar to the record obtained during stage 1 sleep. The EOG will record that the eyes are rapidly darting back and forth beneath the eye, the EMG becomes silent due to a profound loss of muscle tonus. Thus apart from an occasional twitching of some muscles, the person is actually paralyzed during this period. This peculiar stage of sleep is quite distinct from the quiet sleep we saw earlier. This type of sleep is usually referred to as REM or rapid eye movement sleep. It has also been called paradoxical sleep because of the presence of beta activity. This is usually seen during wakefulness or stage sleep.

REM Sleep Stages 1-4 are usually referred to as non-REM or quiet sleep (QS). Stages 3 and 4 are referred to as slow-wave sleep or deep quiet sleep (DQS): while stages 1 and 2 are known as light quiet sleep (LQS).

On the average most normal persons have four or five periods of active sleep at night. Each of these cycles last for about 90 minutes, containing a 20- 30 minutes about of REM as sleep.

Sleep And Stages

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Types of Medical Equipment

!9# Types of Medical Equipment

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There are many different types of medical equipment that are used by almost all hospitals. Here are some different kinds.

Medical Monitors: These help doctors analyze a patient's current state of health and include:

ECG: An Electrocardiogram, also known as an EKG, measures the electrical activity in the heart, and to basically measure how well your heart is working. It is a painless test that shows how fast your heart is beating, whether your heartbeat is steady or not, and strength of the heartbeats themselves. It's used to diagnose heart problems such as arrhythmia, heart attack, and heart failure.

EEG: An EEG, or Electroencephalography is a test that measures the firing of neurons in the brain by recording electric activity along the scalp. This test can show abnormalities in brain function by such causes as epilepsy and comas.

Diagnostic Equipment: This equipment is used to help doctors diagnose a patient's injury or illness.

MRI: An MRI, or Magnetic Resonance Imaging, is a test used by doctors to diagnose abnormalities within the body without surgery. It provides a big contrast between the soft tissues of the body, making problems appear easier. It is can be used for brain, heart, muscle, bone or cancer imaging, and is a pain-free procedure.

Ultrasound: An ultrasound, or ultrasonography, is used to visualize joints, tendons, muscles and organs for abnormalities, and obstetric sonography is used exclusively during pregnancy to evaluate the health and growth of the baby.

X-Ray Machines: These have been in use since their invention in 1895 to detect breaks or anomalies in bones and teeth, and can also be used to detect tumors.

Life Support Equipment: This equipment is used to sustain life, without which continued life would be impossible.

CPB: A CPB, or Cardiopulmonary Bypass, is used to temporary take over the function of the heart and lungs. It is commonly used during heart surgery, hypothermia, life-support for in-danger newborn babies, and people waiting for an organ transplant.

Medical Ventilator: This is what we all commonly associate with the term "life support". It is a machine that mechanically moves air in and out of a patient's lungs, when they are unable to breath on their own. They are commonly used in emergency situations, intensive care, and long-term home care.

Types of Medical Equipment

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Home EKG Monitor

!9# Home EKG Monitor

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Home ECG monitor (electrocardiogram or EKG) offers many benefits beyond its bigger brother, the traditional 12-lead ECG machine. The personal ECG monitor are simple-to-use, convenient, and inexpensive. The monitoring can occur any time anywhere (home, office, car...) and measurements are available and recorded within minutes. The portable EKG machine is light and compact. Using it is simpler than taking one's blood pressure.

Cardiac events can occur randomly and not during the doctor's office. By doing home ECG monitoring, the condition can be captured and saved for later analysis by a doctor. The best time to take a reading is when you are not feeling well and experienced some warning signs of heart attack.

When a patient is not feeling well, the patient and family can immediately take a reading using an ECG monitoring device, assess the situation and take appropriate actions. With the information, the patient may be persuade to seek medical help immediately, instead of waiting for a few more hours to see if he gets better. Immediate help is critical during a heart attack.

To use a home EKG monitor, one should some basic understanding of what EKG is and know what the "normal EKG" looks like to the patient. A reading that is deviated from the patient's normal ECG would require further investigation.

EKG is also a standard tool in doing a complete sleep apnea study. It is one of the many measurement taken inside a sleep study lab. A research study has demonstrated that 93+% of the obstructive sleep apnea cases under study were diagnosed correctly using the EKG data alone.

False heart attack alarm can be stressful and cause a real one. Simply take a measurement using a personal EKG machine can really help to ease the concern. One author published an article on how to build a home-made EKG monitor and his motivation was due to his wife's false heart attacks.

Proper interpretation of EKG would require extensive training. However a patient should be able to tell if he is feeling well and if there is any changes to his normal waveform. The patient should be familiar with his normal ECG waveform by taking a few measurements when he feels fine.

A home ECG monitor is an alternative to a Holter monitor. A Holter monitor is a machine for recording the heart's rhythms. The monitor has multiple leads and is usually worn for 24 - 48 hours during normal activity. It can detect cardiac episodes that occur daily. For tracking infrequent cardiac events, a Holter monitor is not sufficient. Furthermore, wearing the machine is not comfortable.

A patient can use the home ECG monitor to monitor the effects of changes in medicine and his progress.

Portable ECG monitor is well suitable for nursing homes and home care providers to monitor their patients' conditions and progress. Since inexpensive and quality portable ECG monitors are available and little training is required to take measurements, the service can be made commonly available to patients. With some training, personnel in healthcare centers can learn identifying abnormal readings and in case of emergency, the data can be relayed to a doctor or hospital immediately.

Home EKG Monitor

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Omron Portable ECG EKG Handheld HCG-801 Monitor

!9# Omron Portable ECG EKG Handheld HCG-801 Monitor

Brand : Omron
Rate :
Price : $307.18
Post Date : Oct 10, 2011 17:06:55
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Omron Portable ECG EKG Handheld HCG-801 Monitor. A main cause of mortality is cardiovascular disease or CVD (leading to stroke, heart attack, heart failure) and a major risk factor for CVD is high blood pressure. Omron has established itself as a leader in blood pressure monitoring inside the home as well as in hospital settings. Now, Omron has applied its traditional expertise in sensor technology to take the next step in CVD monitoring in the homecare context, by creating a new home monitoring device. Symptoms such as heart pain, palpitations and shortness of breath may be signs of heart disease and may be transient. In some cases, delay in detection may lead to the worsening of heart conditions (an increasingly repetitive pattern of transient abnormalities) and may prevent a patient or doctor from seeking corrective treatments before a potential heart attack or stroke. However, there are some challenges to keeping records of these symptoms in real time by conventional approaches. With the OMRON Portable ECG Monitor HCG-801, a recording of about 30 seconds can be made when symptoms occur whether at home or away. These recordings can then be shown to the doctor, who can examine and use the information to assist in correct diagnosis of symptoms. WHERE CAN THE HCG-801 BE USED? - Clinic and Hospitals - The transient symptoms of cardiovascular disease can be difficult to record by conventional devices. - The HCG-801 provides users with a quick and easy way of real-time recording. - Monitoring on Post-operation - Monitoring on Cardiac rehabilitation - The unique features of the Portable ECG Monitor HCG-801 make it a versatile multi-purpose tool for medical professionals. - Its cordless operation and direct on-screen display allow a quick scan of the heart condition and its compact design easily fits in a medical bag or coat pocket."

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Sinus rhythm with PVC - ECG training

!9# Sinus rhythm with PVC - ECG training

Sinus rhythm with PVC on an ECG machine. This video is provided by Cascade Healthcare Services, a leading provider of healthcare products, including training CPR, PALS, BLS, ACLS, TNCC and certification of first aid is available. We offer American Heart Association (AHA) accredited courses. www.chealthcare.com

Sinus rhythm with PVC - ECG training

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Bionet, EKG Machine, Cardiocare 2000

!9# Bionet, EKG Machine, Cardiocare 2000

Rate : | Price : | Post Date : Sep 04, 2011 15:15:38
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The CardioCare 2000 is an economically priced 12 channel resting ECG that does not compromise on performance. Suitable for use in private practice, ER, or hospital use.Features:Up to Reimbursement pert test This machine pays for itself after 40 tests Produces accurate 12 channel printout with analysis in under 60 seconds! Over 80 kinds of interpretation results based on the advanced Minnesota Code are provided to aid your diagnosis Produces full size A4 printouts in 1,3,6 and 12ch formats Full size print-outs improve readability and make for easier filing in the patient chart 3 Year Manufacturers Warranty Includes:EKG Machine Patient Cable and Leads Set of 10 Clips Operation Manual Rechargeable Battery Power cord Chart paper and electrodes

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Hospital furniture doors

!9# Hospital furniture doors

Noida is always used to call for new types of buildings. The doctors now to homes equipped with a van, which also serves as a clinic. The vans are all kinds of basic equipment like ECG, X-ray machines, oxygen, etc. fan, depending on the needs of the patient.

Hospital furniture doors

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